Neuroimmune interactions control pain through activation of opioid receptors on sensory nerves by immune-derived opioid peptides. Here we evaluate mechanisms of intrinsic pain inhibition at different stages of Freund's adjuvant-induced inflammation…
The opiate hypothesis maintains that patients engage in self-injurious behavior (SIB) either because they are partially analgesic (pathologically altered pain threshold) or because SIB supplies a "fix" for an addicted endogenous opiate system. The…