1 40 2 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource August 2021 List Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Citation List Month August 2021 List URL Address <a href="http://doi.org/10.7573/dic.2021-2-5" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">http://doi.org/​10.7573/dic.2021-2-5</a> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Refractory symptoms in paediatric palliative care: can ketamine help? Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Drugs Context Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2021 Subject The topic of the resource children; clinical needs; ketamine; paediatric palliative care; refractory symptoms Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Benini F; Congedi S; Giacomelli L; Papa S; Shah A; Milani G Description An account of the resource BACKGROUND: One of the main challenges for paediatric palliative care (PPC) is the management of concomitant, different and severe symptoms that frequently affect the quality of life of PPC patients and are often refractory to commonly used pharmacological treatments. Consequently, many efforts are still needed to find the best therapeutic options to handle these refractory conditions. Since the first synthesis of ketamine in the 1960s, its pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties have been largely investigated and its potential wide range of clinical applications has become clear. However, this molecule still receives poor attention in some areas, including in children and PPC. This narrative review analyses the use of ketamine in children and the potential extension of its applications in PPC in order to provide new options for treatment in the PPC setting. METHODS: Scientific papers published before October 2020 on MEDLINE, EMBASE and the Cochrane Library were considered. The cited references of the selected papers and the authors' personal collections of literature were reviewed. The terms "palliative care", "ketamine", "neuropathic pain", "procedural pain", "status epilepticus", "refractory pain" and "child", adding "age: birth-18 years" on a further filter were used for the search. DISCUSSION: The use of ketamine in PPC should be more widely considered due to its overall favourable safety profile and its efficacy, which are supported by an increasing number of studies, although in settings different from PPC and of mixed quality. Ketamine should be proposed according to a case-by-case evaluation and the specific diagnosis and the dosage and route of administration should be tailored to the specific needs of patients. Furthermore, there is evidence to suggest that ketamine is safe and efficacious in acute pain. These findings can prompt further research on the use of ketamine for the treatment of acute pain in PPC. CONCLUSION: Ketamine could be a suitable option after the failure of conventional drugs in the treatment of different refractory conditions in PPC. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context <a href="http://doi.org/10.7573/dic.2021-2-5" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.7573/dic.2021-2-5</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Article information provided for research and reference use only. PedPalASCNET does not hold any rights over the resource listed here. All rights are retained by the journal listed under publisher and/or the creator(s). 2021 August 2021 List Benini F Children clinical needs Congedi S Drugs Context Giacomelli L Ketamine Milani G paediatric palliative care Papa S refractory symptoms Shah A Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource September 2020 List Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Citation List Month September 2020 List URL Address <a href="http://doi.org/10.1089/jpm.2020.0148" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">http://doi.org/​10.1089/jpm.2020.0148</a> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource A Tool for the Evaluation of Clinical Needs and Eligibility to Pediatric Palliative Care: The Validation of the ACCAPED Scale Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Journal of palliative medicine Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2020 Subject The topic of the resource assessment; clinical needs; palliative pediatric care; pediatric palliative care; validation Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Lazzarin P; Giacomelli L; Terrenato I; Benini F Description An account of the resource Background: Despite their importance, pediatric palliative care (PPC) services are still scantly diffused. In addition, eligibility criteria for PPC are quite complex. Consequently, clinicians require a tool that suggests how to refer patients with life-limiting diseases to the most appropriate service and how to properly allocate health care resources. Objective(s): Recently, the Accertamento dei bisogni Clinico-Assistenziali Complessi in PEDiatria (ACCAPED) scale has been developed by a group of experts in PPC to evaluate the specific clinical needs of pediatric patients with a life-limiting disease. This study presents the validation of the ACCAPED scale. Design(s): Validation of ACCAPED scale was pursued by means of description and analysis of clinical vignettes representing patients with challenging-to-evaluate needs who have to be referred to the most appropriate service (community care, general PPC, and specialized PPC). The evaluation of vignettes according to the clinical experience of the experts represented the gold standard against which the validity of the ACCAPED scale was tested by groups with different levels of experience (experts, pediatricians, and health care providers (HCPs) not involved in PPC). Result(s): Results show a very high concordance between the evaluation of the vignettes through the ACCAPED scale and the evaluation by the clinical experience for experts in PPC and pediatricians. A less favorable grade of concordance has been recorded for HCPs not involved in PPC, suggesting that educational efforts to improve basic knowledge of PPC within the medical community are needed. Conclusion(s): Overall, this study suggests that the ACCAPED scale is a useful tool to improve rationalization of resources and eligibility criteria for PPC. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context <a href="http://doi.org/10.1089/jpm.2020.0148" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1089/jpm.2020.0148</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Article information provided for research and reference use only. PedPalASCNET does not hold any rights over the resource listed here. All rights are retained by the journal listed under publisher and/or the creator(s). 2020 Assessment Benini F clinical needs Giacomelli L Journal of Palliative Medicine Lazzarin P palliative pediatric care Pediatric Palliative Care September 2020 List Terrenato I VALIDATION