Comparison of mothers and grandmothers physical and mental health and functioning within 6 months after child NICU/PICU death
Attitude to Death; Bereavement; Blacks; Checklists; Chi Square Test; Cross Sectional Studies; Depression; Employment Status; Grandparents Psychosocial Factors; Grief; Health Status; Hispanics; Human; Intensive Care Units; Interviews; Mental Health; Mothers Psychosocial Factors; Neonatal; Paired T-Tests; Pediatric; Physical Fitness; Post-Traumatic; Psychological Tests; Psychosocial; Stress Disorders; Support
Losing a child is devastating for parents and grandparents. Family and friends generally focus on comforting and supporting the bereaved parents, unintentionally ignoring the bereaved grandparents. Grandmothers and grandfathers often struggle with wanting to help their adult children (deceased child’s parents) without usurping the parents’ responsibilities and decisions regarding the deceased child. Research on mothers’ and grandmothers’ health at about the same time after the same child’s death in the neonatal or pediatric intensive care unit is lacking. The aim of this study was to compare mothers and grandmothers on physical health, mental health, and functioning in the first 1–6 months after the same child’s death in a neonatal or pediatric intensive care unit.
Youngblut JM; Brooten D
Italian Journal of Pediatrics
2018
Article information provided for research and reference use only. PedPalASCNET does not hold any rights over the resource listed here.
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1186/s13052-018-0531-8" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1186/s13052-018-0531-8</a>
Posttraumatic growth in parents and pediatric patients
Child; Humans; Adult; Patients; Parents; Life Change Events; Spirituality; Adaptation; Psychological; Stress Disorders; Resilience; Post-Traumatic
BACKGROUND: Pediatric medical experiences are potentially traumatic but may lead to psychological growth. OBJECTIVE: The study objective was to synthesize the published literature regarding posttraumatic growth (PTG) in parents and patients with serious pediatric illness (SPI) into a conceptual model. METHODS: We systematically searched MEDLINE, CINAHL, PsychInfo, and Sociological Abstracts in December 2012 to identify articles on stress or trauma caused by medical events with PTG as an outcome, reviewing articles pertaining to the pediatric population. We additionally reviewed articles outside pediatric medicine that described a model of PTG. RESULTS: Of the 605 articles identified, 55 met inclusion criteria, 26 of which examined parents or pediatric patients. Parents and children may experience PTG following medical trauma through a combination of cognitive and affective processing of their subjective experience. Components of SPI-PTG are unclear, but may include greater appreciation of life, improved interpersonal relationships, greater personal strength, recognition of new possibilities in one's life course, spiritual or religious growth, and reconstruction of a positive body image. Individual characteristics, and the level of social support, may affect the likelihood that SPI-PTG will occur. SPI-PTG in siblings and other family members has not been well studied. CONCLUSIONS: SPI-PTG is an important but understudied and inadequately understood phenomenon affecting children with SPI and their family members. Research should focus on clarifying SPI-PTG domains, creating measurement instruments, assessing SPI-PTG across the pediatric age range and among family members, and improving our understanding of and ability to positively intervene regarding the cognitive processes of rumination, sense making, and benefit finding.
2014-02
Picoraro JA; Womer JW; Kazak AE; Feudtner C
Journal Of Palliative Medicine
2014
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Journal Article
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1089/jpm.2013.0280" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">10.1089/jpm.2013.0280</a>
Long term posttraumatic growth after breast cancer: prevalence, predictors and relationships with psychological health
Cross-Sectional Studies; Female; Humans; Adult; Prevalence; Attitude to Health; Follow-Up Studies; Aged; Middle Aged; Predictive Value of Tests; Adaptation; Psychological; retrospective studies; Post-Traumatic/diagnosis/epidemiology/psychology; Stress Disorders; Disease-Free Survival; Breast Neoplasms/epidemiology/psychology; Quality of Life/psychology
This study evaluated the prevalence and predictors of long term posttraumatic growth (PTG) after breast cancer, and relationships of PTG with psychological health in a random sample of 307 currently disease-free women 5-15 years after diagnosis. This cross-sectional study reveals long term posttraumatic growth scores comparable to those found in shorter term studies. Prevalence of a better appreciation of life is especially noteworthy. With the exception of perceived current sequelae of disease associated in a somewhat curvilinear fashion with PTG, demographic and medical variables are poor predictors of the issue. On the contrary, dispositional positive affectivity and adaptative coping of positive, active, relational, religious and to some extent denial coping have a strong effect on growth. Finally, PTG is slightly associated with mental quality of life and happiness. Findings are discussed in the light of posttraumatic growth theory.
2010
Lelorain S; Bonnaud-Antignac A; Florin A
Journal Of Clinical Psychology In Medical Settings
2010
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Journal Article
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1007/s10880-009-9183-6" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">10.1007/s10880-009-9183-6</a>
Posttraumatic growth in treatment-seeking female assault victims
Female; Humans; Adult; Health Status; Outcome Assessment (Health Care); Life Change Events; Reproducibility of Results; Personality Inventory; Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; Adaptation; Psychological; Models; Parent caregivers; Depressive Disorder/diagnosis/psychology; Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; Stress Disorders; Post-Traumatic/diagnosis/psychology; Educational Status; Patient Acceptance of Health Care/psychology; Rape/psychology; Violence/psychology
The importance of measuring growth outcomes following a traumatic event has been highlighted in recent literature (e.g., Linley, Joseph: Journal of Traumatic Stress 17:11-21, 2004). Although reports of growth are abundant, the relationship between growth outcomes and post-trauma distress remains unclear, with studies yielding conflicting results regarding this relationship. The purpose of the present study was to explore the interrelationships among growth outcomes and measures of depression and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) among 100 female treatment-seeking physical and sexual assault victims. Although the majority of women reported some degree of growth in this study, and growth scores were comparable to those from other samples, measures of depression and PTSD were not significantly related to growth scores. The implication of these findings and future direction for research are discussed.
2007
Grubaugh AL; Resick PA
The Psychiatric Quarterly
2007
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Journal Article
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1007/s11126-006-9034-7" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">10.1007/s11126-006-9034-7</a>
Coping, self-efficacy and psychiatric history in patients with both chronic widespread pain and chronic fatigue
adolescent; Female; Humans; Male; Young Adult; Pain; Adult; Attitude to Health; Emotions; Questionnaires; Chronic disease; Aged; Middle Aged; Comorbidity; Self Efficacy; Fatigue; Problem Solving; Severity of Illness Index; Activities of Daily Living; Regression Analysis; Depressive Disorder; Adaptation; Psychological; Stress Disorders; Chronic; Fatigue Syndrome; Fibromyalgia; Major; Post-Traumatic
OBJECTIVE: To investigate the relationship of coping style and self-efficacy to functional impairment in a group of patients with both chronic widespread pain (CWP) and chronic fatigue, as well as the possible mediating role of psychiatric diagnosis. METHODS: We identified 138 consecutive clinic patients who met criteria for CWP and chronic fatigue. We collected demographic and clinical characteristics, as well as measures of emotion-focused and problem-focused coping styles, fatigue-related self-efficacy and self-reported general health. Psychiatric diagnoses were determined with a structured interview. Short Form-36 subscales of pain-related and fatigue-related functioning were the dependent variables in ordinal multiple regression analyses to identify the best-fit model for each. RESULTS: In the final model for pain, increased functional impairment was associated with increased emotion-focused coping as well as less education, lower general health scores and higher body mass index. Conversely, in the final model for fatigue, increased functional impairment was significantly associated with less emotion-focused coping, lower general health scores and lower self-efficacy. CONCLUSIONS: The unexpected finding that emotion-focused coping was associated differently with chronic pain and fatigue among patients who experience both symptoms is discussed in the context of the research on the effects of self-efficacy and possible treatment approaches.
2009-08
Smith WR; Strachan ED; Buchwald D
General Hospital Psychiatry
2009
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Journal Article
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2009.03.012" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2009.03.012</a>
Depression and anxiety in children at the end of life
Child; Humans; Terminal Care; Prevalence; Drug Therapy; Psychotherapy; Depressive Disorder; Stress Disorders; Adjustment Disorders/epidemiology/psychology/therapy; Anxiety Disorders/epidemiology/psychology/therapy; Major/epidemiology/psychology/therapy; Post-Traumatic/epidemiology/psychology/therapy
A significant component of palliative care is the prompt diagnosis and management of distress, anxiety, and depression. This article reviews the symptoms and treatment of anxiety and depressive disorders in children at the end of life. Distinguishing between symptoms and disorders, the importance of open communication, consideration of the child's understanding of death, diagnostic challenges in chronically ill children, and suicidality are discussed. Because treatment options are available, it is imperative that symptoms are recognized and addressed. Understanding the issues involved in screening and diagnosis and the risks and benefits of available treatments can lead to an informed approach to the management of these disorders in the palliative care setting.
2007
Kersun LS; Shemesh E
Pediatric Clinics Of North America
2007
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Journal Article
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1016/j.pcl.2007.06.003" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">10.1016/j.pcl.2007.06.003</a>
A communication strategy and brochure for relatives of patients dying in the ICU
Female; Humans; Male; Intensive Care Units; Aged; Middle Aged; Professional-Family Relations; Communication; 80 and over; bereavement; Terminally Ill/psychology; Family/psychology; ICU Decision Making; Stress Disorders; Depression/epidemiology; Pamphlets; Anxiety/epidemiology; Post-Traumatic/epidemiology/prevention & control; Visitors to Patients/psychology
BACKGROUND: There is a need for close communication with relatives of patients dying in the intensive care unit (ICU). We evaluated a format that included a proactive end-of-life conference and a brochure to see whether it could lessen the effects of bereavement. METHODS: Family members of 126 patients dying in 22 ICUs in France were randomly assigned to the intervention format or to the customary end-of-life conference. Participants were interviewed by telephone 90 days after the death with the use of the Impact of Event Scale (IES; scores range from 0, indicating no symptoms, to 75, indicating severe symptoms related to post-traumatic stress disorder [PTSD]) and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS; subscale scores range from 0, indicating no distress, to 21, indicating maximum distress). RESULTS: Participants in the intervention group had longer conferences than those in the control group (median, 30 minutes [interquartile range, 19 to 45] vs. 20 minutes [interquartile range, 15 to 30]; P<0.001) and spent more of the time talking (median, 14 minutes [interquartile range, 8 to 20] vs. 5 minutes [interquartile range, 5 to 10]). On day 90, the 56 participants in the intervention group who responded to the telephone interview had a significantly lower median IES score than the 52 participants in the control group (27 vs. 39, P=0.02) and a lower prevalence of PTSD-related symptoms (45% vs. 69%, P=0.01). The median HADS score was also lower in the intervention group (11, vs. 17 in the control group; P=0.004), and symptoms of both anxiety and depression were less prevalent (anxiety, 45% vs. 67%; P=0.02; depression, 29% vs. 56%; P=0.003). CONCLUSIONS: Providing relatives of patients who are dying in the ICU with a brochure on bereavement and using a proactive communication strategy that includes longer conferences and more time for family members to talk may lessen the burden of bereavement. (ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00331877.)
2007
Lautrette A; Darmon M; Megarbane B; Joly LM; Chevret S; Adrie C; Barnoud D; Bleichner G; Bruel C; Choukroun G; Curtis JR; Fieux F; Galliot R; Garrouste-Orgeas M; Georges H; Goldgran-Toledano D; Jourdain M; Loubert G; Reignier J; Saidi F; Souweine B; Vincent F; Barnes NK; Pochard F; Schlemmer B; Azoulay E
The New England Journal Of Medicine
2007
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Journal Article
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa063446" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">10.1056/NEJMoa063446</a>
Examining posttraumatic growth among Japanese university students
Humans; Male; Adult; Emotions; Japan; adolescent; Students; Stress Disorders; Aging/psychology; Post-Traumatic/psychology; Personality; Universities
To determine the underlying factor structure of the Japanese version of the Posttraumatic Growth Inventory (PTGI-J), a principal components analysis was performed on data from 312 Japanese undergraduate students who reported growth due to their most traumatic event within the last 5 years. Results showed the PTGI-J has high internal consistency and, of the original five factors reported by Tedeschi and Calhoun (1996), three were replicated: Relating to Others, New Possibilities, Personal Strength, and a fourth factor integrating Spiritual Change and Appreciation of Life emerged. There were neither gender differences nor relationships with time since trauma. PTGI-J scores were positively associated with posttraumatic symptoms and correlated with type of traumatic event experienced. These results and future directions are discussed from a cross-cultural viewpoint.
2007
Taku K; Calhoun LG; Tedeschi RG; Gil-Rivas V; Kilmer RP; Cann A
Anxiety, Stress, And Coping
2007
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Journal Article
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1080/10615800701295007" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">10.1080/10615800701295007</a>
Posttraumatic growth in former Vietnam prisoners of war
Humans; Male; Aged; social support; Age Factors; Social Adjustment; Regression Analysis; Psychological Tests; Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; Stress Disorders; Post-Traumatic; Prisoners; Vietnam Conflict
This study examined posttraumatic growth in 30 male veterans captured and held as prisoners of war during the Vietnam War. Participants were assessed with structured diagnostic interviews administered by trained clinicians as well as with the Posttraumatic Growth Inventory (PTGI) and other questionnaires measuring dispositional optimism, religious coping, social supports, and purpose in life. Mean age (standard deviation-SD) of participants was 66.7 (6.0) years. Mean total PTGI score (SD) was 66.3 (17.5), indicating a moderate degree of posttraumatic growth. The most strongly endorsed items corresponded to the Appreciation of Life and Personal Strength factors. The group as a whole was optimistic and reported moderate use of positive religious coping. Posttraumatic growth did not significantly differ in repatriates with and without psychopathology, but it was significantly positively correlated with dispositional optimism. In the final regression model, length of captivity and optimism were significant predictors of posttraumatic growth. Our findings confirm that it is possible to achieve long-lasting personal growth even in the face of prolonged extreme adversity. Prospective studies are needed to further evaluate whether pre-existing traits such as optimism can predict growth after trauma.
2008
Feder A; Southwick SM; Goetz RR; Wang Y; Alonso A; Smith BW; Buchholz KR; Waldeck T; Ameli R; Moore J; Hain R; Charney DS; Vythilingam M
Psychiatry
2008
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Journal Article
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1521/psyc.2008.71.4.359" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">10.1521/psyc.2008.71.4.359</a>
Psychometric properties of the Dutch version of the posttraumatic growth inventory among cancer patients
Female; Humans; Male; Adult; Emotions; Aged; Middle Aged; Netherlands; Reproducibility of Results; 80 and over; Adaptation; Psychological; Statistical; Psychological Tests; Parent caregivers; Stress Disorders; Neoplasms/psychology; Factor Analysis; Human Development; Post-Traumatic/diagnosis/psychology
In the current study, we investigated the psychometric properties of a Dutch translation of the posttraumatic growth inventory in a heterogeneous group of cancer patients. Its original five-factor structure was maintained. The internal consistency of the total scale, as well as its subdimensions, was satisfactory. As expected, the experience of posttraumatic growth was positively related to: emotional expression about the illness, openness to experience, and feelings of innerness. Furthermore, the scale appeared to be sensitive for the demographics age and gender. The experience of posttraumatic growth was not related to negative feelings such as avoidance, anxiety, depression, and neuroticism. Our Dutch translation of the instrument appeared to be a sound measure for the experience of posttraumatic growth in cancer patients.
2006
Jaarsma TA; Pool G; Sanderman R; Ranchor AV
Psycho-oncology
2006
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Journal Article
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1002/pon.1026" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">10.1002/pon.1026</a>
Mothers' recollections of the Paediatric Intensive Care Unit: associations with psychopathology and views on follow up
Child; Cross-Sectional Studies; Female; Humans; Male; Intensive Care Units; Adult; Attitude to Health; Questionnaires; Professional-Family Relations; Health Services Needs and Demand; Communication; Severity of Illness Index; Risk Factors; Nursing Methodology Research; Preschool; infant; Mothers/psychology; retrospective studies; ICU Decision Making; social support; Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; Stress Disorders; Acute/diagnosis/prevention & control/psychology; Aftercare/organization & administration/psychology; Hospitalized; Mass Screening; Pediatric/organization & administration; Traumatic
The aim of this study was to establish rates of posttraumatic stress symptoms in mothers after a child's admission to a Paediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU) and their views on the potential value of a follow up appointment with PICU staff. Thirty-four mothers completed the Parental Stressor Scale:PICU, the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-28) and the Impact of Event Scale, 8 months after discharge. In total 18/34 (53%) scored > or =5 on the GHQ-28 and 6/32 (18%) of the sample scored in the severe range (>35) on the Impact of Event Scale. Distress was associated with retrospective reports of stress experienced during admission (p < 0.001) but not with other demographic or medical variables. Mothers who talked about their feelings at the time of the admission had lower posttraumatic stress scores at 8 months (p = 0.02) and 25/34 (74%) mothers would have appreciated the offer of a follow up appointment. Screening for distress during admission with the Parental Stressor Scale:PICU may identify those mothers in greatest need of psychological support. Mothers' recollections of the Paediatric Intensive Care Unit: Associations with psychopathology and views on follow up.
2006
Colville GA; Gracey D
Intensive and Critical Care Nursing
2006
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Journal Article
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1016/j.iccn.2005.04.002" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">10.1016/j.iccn.2005.04.002</a>
A meta-analytic review of benefit finding and growth
Humans; Attitude; Health Status; Affect; Adaptation; Psychological; Parent caregivers; Stress Disorders; Quality of Life/psychology; Post-Traumatic/psychology
The authors conducted a meta-analysis to examine the relations of benefit finding to psychological and physical health as well as to a specific set of demographic, stressor, personality, and coping correlates. Results from 87 cross-sectional studies reported in 77 articles showed that benefit finding was related to less depression and more positive well-being but also more intrusive and avoidant thoughts about the stressor. Benefit finding was unrelated to anxiety, global distress, quality of life, and subjective reports of physical health. Moderator analyses showed that relations of benefit finding to outcomes were affected by the amount of time that had passed since stressor onset, the benefit finding measured used, and the racial composition of the sample.
2006
Helgeson VS; Reynolds KA; Tomich PL
Journal Of Consulting And Clinical Psychology
2006
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Journal Article
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.74.5.797" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">10.1037/0022-006X.74.5.797</a>
Posttraumatic growth in mothers of children with acquired disabilities.
Parents; Mother-Child Relations; Disabled Persons; Longitudinal Studies; Stress Disorders; disabled children; Post-Traumatic; Disabilities; Disability; mothers; Maternal Behavior; Posttraumatic growth; Post-Traumatic; Posttraumatic growth
Stress, burden, and sorrow are not surprising responses for mothers of children who acquire life-altering disabilities. What is largely unforeseen is how maternal caregivers transform in positive ways through trauma and diversity. This article offers first person accounts from mothers about elements of posttraumatic growth that unexpectedly emerged and coexisted with the rigors and emotional strains of raising their newly physically challenged children. Also noted is the unanticipated potential for growth that occurs in the process of conducting “insider†research.
2006
Konrad SC
Journal Of Loss And Trauma
2006
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Journal Article
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1080/15325020500358274" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">10.1080/15325020500358274</a>
Posttraumatic growth and HIV bereavement: Where does it start and when does it end?
Grief; Longitudinal Studies; bereavement; Stress Disorders; Post-Traumatic; Post-Traumatic; Posttraumatic growth; HIV bereavement; iatrogenic effects of research interventions; Mixed methods; Trauma and recovery
There is growing interest in researching posttraumatic growth and understanding how to enhance positive outcomes in trauma survivors. This study undertook a systematic exploration of the posttraumatic growth in bereaved caregivers of people with HIV/AIDS. Following a survey (n=174), in-depth interviews were conducted with 15 individuals. Quantitative and qualitative data are used to illustrate how those who had low scores of posttraumatic growth recounted positive outcomes. Methodological and clinical implications are explored.
2006
Cadell S; Sullivan R
Traumatology
2006
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Journal Article
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1177/153476560601200104" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">10.1177/153476560601200104</a>
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder three years after the siege of Sarajevo
Female; Humans; Male; Adult; Aged; Middle Aged; Life Change Events; Sampling Studies; adolescent; Bosnia-Herzegovina/epidemiology; Post-Traumatic/diagnosis/epidemiology/psychology; Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; Stress Disorders; Survivors/psychology; War
The goals of this study were to estimate the lifetime prevalence of traumatic events, the current prevalence of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), and the connection between the kinds of traumatic events experienced and the probability of developing PTSD in three study samples in Sarajevo, Bosnia-Herzegovina, three years after the end of the war. A total of 311 people surviving the siege of Sarajevo were assessed with the Checklist for War Related Experiences (CWE) and an adapted version of the Posttraumatic Diagnostic Scale (PDS). The study groups consisted of a randomly selected residents sample (n = 98), a group of individuals in psychological treatment (n = 114), and a group in medical treatment (n = 99). Each individual survived an average of 24 traumatic events. According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th ed. (DSM-IV; American Psychiatric Association, 1994) criteria, 18.6% of individuals in the residents sample, 32.7% of those in medical treatment, and 38.6% of those in psychological treatment developed PTSD.
2003
Rosner R; Powell S; Butollo W
Journal Of Clinical Psychology
2003
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Journal Article
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.10116" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">10.1002/jclp.10116</a>
The reactions to research participation questionnaires for children and for parents (RRPQ-C and RRPQ-P)
Child; Female; Humans; Male; Adult; Parents; Pilot Projects; Attitude; Patient Participation; Risk Assessment; Research; Wounds and Injuries; Statistical; Stress Disorders; Acute; Factor Analysis; Traumatic; Surveys and Questionnaires; Patient Selection
Systematic assessment of the effect of clinical research studies on child and parent participants has been limited. Such assessment could provide an empirical basis for the ethical conduct of research, assisting investigators and institutional review boards in balancing the need for sound research with the need to protect study participants. The Reactions to Research Participation Questionnaire for Children (RRPQ-C) and the RRPQ for Parents (RRPQ-P) are brief measures designed to assess child or parent views of clinical research studies. Both measures were piloted and then administered as part of an interview-based study of traumatically injured children and their parents, to assess their psychometric properties and potential usefulness as addenda to future study protocols. The RRPQ-C and RRPQ-P each demonstrated acceptable internal consistency. Exploratory factor analyses provided general support for their conceptual basis. Both were easily administered and well-accepted by respondents. There is evidence that children and adults were willing to answer honestly, even about negative responses. Brief measures such as the RRPQ-C and RRPQ-P may provide a practical and empirically informed method for assessing children's and parents' responses to research participation. Investigators should consider including systematic standardized assessment of participant reactions in child clinical research studies.
2002-10
Kassam-Adams N; Newman E
General Hospital Psychiatry
2002
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Journal Article
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1016/s0163-8343(02)00200-1" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">10.1016/s0163-8343(02)00200-1</a>
The prevalence of PTSD following the violent death of a child and predictors of change 5 years later
Child; Female; Humans; Male; Adult; Prevalence; Parent-Child Relations; Aged; Middle Aged; Self Concept; Death; Sex Factors; Risk Factors; adolescent; Non-U.S. Gov't; P.H.S.; Research Support; U.S. Gov't; Adaptation; Psychological; bereavement; cause of death; social support; Stress Disorders; Post-Traumatic/epidemiology/etiology/psychology; Violence
In this study, we examined the violent death bereavement trajectories of 173 parents by following them prospectively for 5 years after their children's deaths by accident, suicide, homicide, or undetermined causes. Using latent growth curve methodology, we examined how the initial level of PTSD and the rate of change over time were influenced by 9 predictors: the deceased children's causes of death, parents' gender, self-esteem, 3 coping strategies, perceived social support, concurrent levels of mental distress, and an intervention offered in early bereavement. Six of the nine factors predicted initial levels of PTSD; however, only parents' gender and perceived social support predicted change in PTSD over the 5-year time frame. Five years postdeath, 3 times as many study mothers (27.7%) met diagnostic criteria for PTSD and twice as many study fathers (12.5%) met diagnostic criteria for PTSD compared with the normative samples.
Murphy SA; Johnson LC; Chung IJ; Beaton RD
Journal Of Traumatic Stress
2003
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Journal Article
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1023/A:1022003126168" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">10.1023/A:1022003126168</a>
Factors contributing to post-traumatic growth: a proposed structural equation model
Female; Humans; Male; Adult; Aged; Middle Aged; Life Change Events; HIV Seropositivity; Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome; Adaptation; Psychological; bereavement; social support; Stress Disorders; Homosexuality; Bisexuality; Orthopsychiatry/methods; Post-Traumatic/psychology
With the current shift to include positive outcomes of trauma, this research was designed to explore factors that allow growth to occur. Structural equation modeling was used to test a model for understanding posttraumatic growth. A sample (N = 174) of bereaved HIV/AIDS caregivers completed questionnaires in English and French. Spirituality, social support, and stressors were found to have a positive relationship with growth. Facilitation of posttraumatic growth is crucial to all helping professions. This article uses structural equation modelling to begin to elaborate the relationship of spirituality, social support and stressors to posttraumatic growth.
2003
Cadell S; Regehr C; Hemsworth D
The American Journal Of Orthopsychiatry
2003
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Journal Article
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1037/0002-9432.73.3.279" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">10.1037/0002-9432.73.3.279</a>
Suicide ideation among parents bereaved by the violent deaths of their children.
Child; Female; Humans; Male; Adult; Questionnaires; Middle Aged; Self Efficacy; Longitudinal Studies; Predictive Value of Tests; Family Health; Stress; adolescent; Adaptation; Psychological; bereavement; Parents/psychology; social support; Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; Stress Disorders; Post-Traumatic/diagnosis/psychology; Violence/psychology; Accidents/psychology; Suicide/psychology; Depression/diagnosis/psychology; Homicide/psychology; Psychological/diagnosis/psychology
Suicidal behaviors of parents bereaved by a child's suicide have received considerable attention by researchers, but deaths by other violent causes have not. We observed 175 bereaved parents for five years following three types of violent death: accidents, homicides, and suicides. The results showed that the incidence of suicidal ideation (SI) among the study parents was 13% (n = 34) over the 5 years and 9% (n = 24) at the initial data collection four months after the death of an adolescent or young adult child. Comparisons of study parents grouped by the presence or absence of SI showed that after corrections were made for the number of t-tests conducted, statistically significant differences on three of four outcome variables remained (mental distress, depression, and posttraumatic stress disorder [PTSD], but not on acceptance of the child's death). The groups also differed significantly on four of seven mediating variables examined. The hypothesis that parents whose children died by suicide would report the highest incidence of suicidal ideation was not supported. Regression analyses showed that SI was a significant predictor of depression one year, but not five years, after the violent death of a child. The hypothesis that SI would predict both depression and PTSD one year postdeath was not supported. Clinical and policy recommendations are offered.
2003
Murphy SA; Tapper VJ; Johnson LC; Lohan JA
Issues In Mental Health Nursing
2003
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Journal Article
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1080/01612840305307" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">10.1080/01612840305307</a>
The sense of coherence in early pregnancy and crisis support and posttraumatic stress after pregnancy loss: a prospective study
Female; Humans; Pregnancy; Adult; Prospective Studies; social support; Stress Disorders; Post-Traumatic/epidemiology/psychology/therapy; Abortion; Crisis Intervention; First/psychology; Pregnancy Trimester; Spontaneous/psychology
A. Antonovsky (1987) defined the sense of coherence (SOC) as the ability to perceive a stressor as comprehensible, manageable, and meaningful. In this prospective study of pregnant women, the authors tested the relationships between the SOC in early pregnancy and crisis support and symptom severity of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression after pregnancy loss. A total of 1,372 women completed questionnaires in early pregnancy, including measures for the SOC and depressive symptoms, and were followed for every 2 months thereafter until 1 month after the birth due-date. Of this group, 126 women had a pregnancy loss, and 118 of them completed measures for crisis support, PTSD, and depression about 1 month later. The results showed that a stronger SOC in early pregnancy renders women somewhat resilient to symptoms of PTSD and depression after pregnancy loss, which appears to be due to the mobilization of crisis support.
2003
Engelhard IM; van den Hout MA; Vlaeyen JW
Behavioral Medicine (washington, D.C.)
2003
Article information provided for research and reference use only. PedPalASCNET does not hold any rights over the resource listed here. All rights are retained by the journal listed under publisher and/or the creator(s).
Journal Article
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1080/08964280309596060" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">10.1080/08964280309596060</a>
Focus on paroxetine
Humans; Treatment Outcome; Drug Interactions; Animals; Antidepressive Agents; Stress Disorders; Anxiety Disorders/drug therapy; Depression/drug therapy; Paroxetine/administration & dosage/adverse effects/pharmacokinetics/therapeutic use; Post-Traumatic/drug therapy; Second-Generation/administration & dosage/adverse effects/pharmacokinetics/therapeutic use; Serotonin Uptake Inhibitors/administration & dosage/adverse effects/pharmacokinetics/therapeutic use; Substance Withdrawal Syndrome
This review of paroxetine is based on Medline and PsycLit searches and a manual search of the available research literature. It aims to cover the pharmacology of this frequently prescribed SSRI antidepressant in terms of its indications, efficacy and adverse effects. Overall, paroxetine is a well-tolerated and safe first-line SSRI antidepressant with anxiolytic qualities. It has been found useful in depression, anxiety and other conditions such as obsessive compulsive disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder. The antidepressant has some advantages over earlier tricyclic medication in terms of a lack of cardiovascular side-effects and relative safety in overdose. Cessation of use, however, is associated with withdrawal or discontinuation symptoms and patients should be counselled as to how these might be avoided. A 3- or 4-week graded withdrawal regimen, perhaps with concomitant fluoxetine to cover serotonergic discontinuation symptoms, may be advisable.
2003
Green B
Current Medical Research And Opinion
2003
Article information provided for research and reference use only. PedPalASCNET does not hold any rights over the resource listed here. All rights are retained by the journal listed under publisher and/or the creator(s).
Journal Article
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1185/030079902125001353" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">10.1185/030079902125001353</a>
Positive change processes and post-traumatic growth in people who have experienced childhood abuse: understanding vehicles of change
Child; Female; Humans; Male; Adult; Interpersonal Relations; Aged; Middle Aged; Attitude; Affect; Social Behavior; Stress Disorders; Narration; Child Abuse/psychology; Post-Traumatic/diagnosis/etiology/psychology
Post-traumatic growth is an emerging area of research concerned with the positive psychological changes that can follow the experience of traumatic events. The aim of this study is to explore themes of post-traumatic growth within personal experience narratives of individuals who have experienced some form of early emotional, physical, or sexual abuse. Using thematic analysis, we identified three domains of themes related to positive change processes: inner drive toward growth, vehicles of change, and psychological changes. Understanding the different vehicles of change has implications for facilitating post-traumatic growth in clients who have experienced traumatic events.
2003
Woodward CA; Joseph S
Psychology And Psychotherapy
2003
Article information provided for research and reference use only. PedPalASCNET does not hold any rights over the resource listed here. All rights are retained by the journal listed under publisher and/or the creator(s).
Journal Article
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1348/147608303322362497" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">10.1348/147608303322362497</a>
Combat experience and emotional health: impairment and resilience in later life
Humans; Male; Adult; Memory; Longitudinal Studies; Risk Factors; adolescent; P.H.S.; Research Support; U.S. Gov't; Adaptation; Psychological; Stress Disorders; War; Human Development; Non-P.H.S.; Veterans/psychology; Post-Traumatic/psychology; Assertiveness; Ego
War's influence on emotional health includes potential psychological gains as well as losses. In a sample of 149 veterans from longitudinal samples at the Institute of Human Development, University of California, Berkeley, this study explores two questions on the legacy of combat in World War II and the Korean conflict. The first concerns the subjective experience or meanings of combat that veterans hold in later life, with particular attention to how such accounts are linked to the severity of combat and postwar adaptations. The second question links these accounts to the psychosocial functioning of veterans before the war and in later life using reports from veterans and their spouses and Q-sort ratings in adolescence and at age 40. Findings center on veterans of heavy combat. Compared to the noncombatants and light combat veterans, these men were at greater risk of emotional and behavioral problems in the postwar years. In mid-life, they hold mixed memories of painful losses and life benefits associated with military experience. Clinical ratings show that heavy combat veterans became more resilient and less helpless over time when compared to other men. As in the case of life events generally, short- and long-term effects may impair and enhance personal growth.
1989
Elder GH; Clipp EC
Journal Of Personality
1989
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Journal Article
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.1989.tb00485.x" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">10.1111/j.1467-6494.1989.tb00485.x</a>
The posttraumatic growth inventory: measuring the positive legacy of trauma.
Female; Humans; Male; Adult; Interpersonal Relations; Self Concept; Longitudinal Studies; Life Change Events; adolescent; Adaptation; Psychological; Gender Identity; Stress Disorders; Personality Development; Personality Inventory/statistics & numerical data; Philosophy; Post-Traumatic/diagnosis/psychology/rehabilitation; Social Perception
The development of the Posttraumatic Growth Inventory, an instrument for assessing positive outcomes reported by persons who have experienced traumatic events, is described. This 21-item scale includes factors of New Possibilities, Relating to Others, Personal Strength, Spiritual Change, and Appreciation of Life. Women tend to report more benefits than do men, and persons who have experienced traumatic events report more positive change than do persons who have not experienced extraordinary events. The Posttraumatic Growth Inventory is modestly related to optimism and extraversion. The scale appears to have utility in determining how successful individuals, coping with the aftermath of trauma, are in reconstructing or strengthening their perceptions of self, others, and the meaning of events.
1996
Tedeschi RG; Calhoun LG
Journal Of Traumatic Stress
1996
Article information provided for research and reference use only. PedPalASCNET does not hold any rights over the resource listed here. All rights are retained by the journal listed under publisher and/or the creator(s).
Journal Article
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1002/jts.2490090305" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">10.1002/jts.2490090305</a>
Perceptions of control and long-term recovery from rape
Female; Humans; Adult; Middle Aged; Self Efficacy; Ontario; Multivariate Analysis; Time Factors; Internal-External Control; Regression Analysis; adolescent; Non-U.S. Gov't; Research Support; Adaptation; Psychological; retrospective studies; Stress Disorders; Survivors/psychology; Rape/psychology; Disease Susceptibility; Depression/etiology/physiopathology; Post-Traumatic/etiology/physiopathology; Recovery of Function
The relationship between perceptions of control and symptoms of both long-term depression and post-traumatic stress was examined. Enduring beliefs of personal competence and control were found to be associated with lower rates of depression and stress and to be stronger predictors of long-term recovery than were rape-specific attributions. Implications for clinical practice are discussed.
1999
Regehr C; Cadell S; Jansen K
The American Journal Of Orthopsychiatry
1999
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Journal Article
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1037/h0080386" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">10.1037/h0080386</a>
Impact of holding the baby following stillbirth on maternal mental health and well-being: findings from a national survey
Bereavement; care practice; hold; infant contact; Stillbirth; touch; adolescent; Adult; Anxiety/epidemiology; Cross-Sectional Studies; Depression/epidemiology; England; Family Conflict/psychology; Female; gestational age; Health Surveys; Humans; infant; Mother-Child Relations/ psychology; Mothers/ psychology; Newborn; Postpartum Period/ psychology; Post-traumatic; Post-Traumatic/epidemiology; Pregnancy; Qualitative Research; Self-Fertilization; self report; stillbirth; Stillbirth/ psychology; Stress Disorders; Touch; Young Adult
OBJECTIVES: To compare mental health and well-being outcomes at 3 and 9 months after the stillbirth among women who held or did not hold their baby, adjusting for demographic and clinical differences. DESIGN: Secondary analyses of data from a postal population survey. POPULATION: Women with a registered stillbirth in England in 2012. METHODS: 468 eligible responses were compared. Differences in demographic, clinical and care characteristics between those who held or did not hold their infant were described and adjusted for in subsequent analysis. Mental health and well-being outcomes were compared, and subgroup comparisons tested hypothesised moderating factors. OUTCOME MEASURES: Self-reported depression, anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms and relationship difficulties. RESULTS: There was a 30.2% response rate to the survey. Most women saw (97%, n=434) and held (84%, n=394) their baby after stillbirth. There were some demographic differences with migrant women, women who had a multiple birth and those whose pregnancy resulted from fertility treatment being less likely to hold their baby. Women who held their stillborn baby consistently reported higher rates of mental health and relationship difficulties. After adjustment, women who held their baby had 2.12 times higher odds (95% CI 1.11 to 4.04) of reporting anxiety at 9 months and 5.33 times higher odds (95% CI 1.26 to 22.53) of reporting relationship difficulties with family. Some evidence for proposed moderators was observed with poorer mental health reported by women who had held a stillborn baby of <33 weeks' gestation, and those pregnant at outcome assessment. CONCLUSIONS: This study supports concern about the negative impact of holding the infant after stillbirth. Results are limited by the observational nature of the study, survey response rate and inability to adjust for women's baseline anxiety. Findings add important evidence to a mixed body of literature.
Redshaw M; Hennegan JM; Henderson J
Bmj Open
2016
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<a href="http://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2015-010996" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">10.1136/bmjopen-2015-010996</a>
Impact of child death on paediatric trainees
Attitude to Death; Acute/ epidemiology; Adult; Child; Death; Female; Humans; Intensive Care; Internship and Residency; Male; Middle Aged; Occupational Health; Only Child; Palliative Care; Pediatrics; Physicians/ psychology; Post-traumatic; Post-Traumatic/ epidemiology; Prevalence; Psychology; Stress Disorders; Surveys and Questionnaires; Traumatic; United Kingdom
OBJECTIVE: To assess the prevalence of symptoms of acute stress reactions (ASR) and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in paediatric trainees following their involvement in child death. DESIGN: A survey designed to identify trainees' previous experiences of child death combined with questions to identify features of PTSD. Quantitative interpretation was used alongside a chi(2) test. A p value of <0.05 was considered significant. SETTING: 604 surveys were distributed across 13 UK health education deaneries. PARTICIPANTS: 303/604 (50%) of trainees completed the surveys. RESULTS: 251/280 (90%) of trainees had been involved with the death of a child, although 190/284 (67%) had no training in child death. 118/248 (48%) of trainees were given a formal debrief session following their most recent experience. 203/251 (81%) of trainees reported one or more symptoms or behaviours that could contribute to a diagnosis of ASR/PTSD. 23/251 (9%) of trainees met the complete criteria for ASR and 13/251 (5%) for PTSD. Attending a formal debrief and reporting feelings of guilt were associated with an increase in diagnostic criteria for ASR/PTSD (p=0.036 and p<0.001, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Paediatric trainees are at risk of developing ASR and PTSD following the death of a child. The feeling of guilt should be identified and acknowledged to allow prompt signposting to further support, including psychological assessment or intervention if required. Clear recommendations need to be made about the safety of debriefing sessions as, in keeping with existing evidence, our data suggest that debrief after the death of a child may be associated with the development of symptoms suggestive of ASR/PTSD.
Hollingsworth CE; Wesley C; Huckridge J; Finn GM; Griksaitis MJ
Archives Of Disease In Childhood
2018
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<a href="http://doi.org/10.1136/archdischild-2017-313544" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">10.1136/archdischild-2017-313544</a>
The Family Communication Study: A Randomized Trial Of Prospective Pediatric Palliative Care Consultation, Study Methodology And Perceptions Of Participation Burden.
Family/caregivers Psychology; Intensive Care Unit; Pediatrics; Psychological Adaptation; Randomized Trial; Stress Disorders
BACKGROUND:
To describe the study methods, baseline characteristics and burden of study procedures of an intervention designed to reduce family stress symptoms through early support from the palliative care team. Length of stay of ≥8days was the trigger for early palliative care involvement.
METHODS:
Cluster-randomized trial with children as the unit of randomization. Up to 3 family members per child were recruited. Family stress symptoms were recorded at baseline, discharge from the ICU, and 3months post-enrollment. Questionnaire burden was assessed on a 1-10 point scale at each time point and open-ended comments were analyzed to describe the participants' experience in the study.
RESULTS:
380 family members of 220 children (control=115 children and 204 family members; intervention=105 children and 176 family members) were recruited, which represented 50% of all eligible families. Most family participants were parents (86% control; 92% intervention) and female (66% both groups). Retention rates were high through the 3-month follow-up: 93% and 90% for the control and intervention groups respectively. Questionnaire burden was very low: mean (sd) scores were 1.1 (1.6), 0.7 (1.5), and 0.9 (1.6) for the baseline, discharge and follow-up questionnaires, respectively. Comments suggest that participation was beneficial by promoting reflection and self-awareness about stress, coping and resilience, and feeling cared for because the intervention and questionnaires focused on their own well-being.
CONCLUSIONS:
The participants' comments regarding the focus on them as the point of intervention reflects the value of conducting research with family members of seriously ill children during ICU stays.
Starks H; Doorenbos A; Lindhorst T; Bourget E; Aisenberg E; Oman N; Rue T; Curtis JR; Hays R
Contemporary Clinical Trials
2016
Article information provided for research and reference use only. PedPalASCNET does not hold any rights over the resource listed here. All rights are retained by the journal listed under publisher and/or the creator(s).
DOI: 10.1016/j.cct.2016.05.004