The Alternate Forms Reliability of the Oucher Pain Scale
Pain; PedPal Lit; Pain Management; Pain Scale
The purpose of this study was to determine the adequacy of the alternate forms reliability of three versions of the Oucher pain scale. Because the original large-sized posters were unwieldy for use by nurses with children in clinical settings, it became necessary to reduce it in size. To determine whether the resulting tools were psychometrically equivalent to the original versions of the Oucher, this study was undertaken. In a group of 3- to 12-year-old children who underwent surgical or dental procedures (n = 137), scores were obtained after the procedure on small and large versions of the Oucher. The order of presentation of the two different Ouchers was randomized. Findings revealed that correlation coefficients between the scores provided for the small and large versions of the Oucher were strong, positive, and significant for the Caucasian, African-American, and Hispanic versions in 3- to 12-year-old children. These results provided evidence of the adequacy of the alternate forms reliability of these scales.
2005
Beyer JE; Turner SB; Jones L; Young L; Onikul R; Bohaty B
Pain Management Nursing
2005
Article information provided for research and reference use only. PedPalASCNET does not hold any rights over the resource listed here. All rights are retained by the journal listed under publisher and/or the creator(s).
Journal Article
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmn.2004.11.001" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">10.1016/j.pmn.2004.11.001</a>
The next step to improving cancer pain management
PedPal Lit; Adult Analgesia/standards Child Evidence-Based Medicine Humans Neoplasms/; complications Nursing Assessment/standards Oncologic Nursing/standards; organization & administration; Pain/etiology/prevention & control Pain Measurement/standards; Practice Guidelines Total Quality Management/
2005
Miaskowski C
Pain Management Nursing
2005
Article information provided for research and reference use only. PedPalASCNET does not hold any rights over the resource listed here. All rights are retained by the journal listed under publisher and/or the creator(s).
Journal Article
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmn.2005.04.001" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">10.1016/j.pmn.2005.04.001</a>
Can Presence of a Dog Reduce Pain and Distress in Children during Venipuncture?
The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of animal-assisted intervention as distraction for reducing children's pain and distress before, during, and after standard blood collection procedure. Fifty children (ages 4-11 years) undergoing venipuncture were randomly assigned to the experimental group (EG; n = 25) or to the control group (CG; n = 25). The blood collection procedure was carried on the children in the EG arm in the presence of a dog, whereas no dog was present when venipuncture was conducted on children in CG. In both cases, parents accompanied the child in the procedure room. Distress experienced by the child was measured with the Amended Observation Scale of Behavioral Distress, while perceived pain was measured with a visual analog scale or the Wong Baker Scale (Faces Scale); levels of cortisol in blood also were analyzed. Parental anxiety during the procedure was measured with State Trait Anxiety Inventory. Children assigned to the EG group reacted with less distress than children in the CG arm. Furthermore, cortisol levels were lower in the EG group compared with the CG group. There were no significant differences in pain ratings and in the level of parental anxiety. It appears that the presence of dogs during blood draw procedures reduces distress in children.
2014-11
Vagnoli L; Caprilli S; Vernucci C; Zagni S; Mugnai F; Messeri A
Pain Management Nursing
2014
Article information provided for research and reference use only. PedPalASCNET does not hold any rights over the resource listed here. All rights are retained by the journal listed under publisher and/or the creator(s).
Journal Article
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmn.2014.04.004" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">10.1016/j.pmn.2014.04.004</a>
Validity of parent ratings as proxy measures of pain in children with cognitive impairment
PedPal Lit; N.I.H.; Adolescent Attitude to Health Bias (Epidemiology) Child Child Behavior Child; Extramural Severity of Illness Index Time Factors; Postoperative/complications/diagnosis/physiopathology/psychology Parents/psychology Proxy/psychology Questionnaires Research Support; Preschool Cognition Disorders/complications Comparative Study Crying Facial Expression Humans Kinesics Michigan Nursing Assessment/methods/standards Nursing Evaluation Research Pain Measurement/methods/nursing/standards Pain
Parent-assigned pain scores have been used as proxy measures of pain for children, such as those with cognitive impairment (CI), who cannot self-report. However, the accuracy of parent-assigned pain ratings for children with CI has not been studied. This study evaluated the construct and criterion validity of parental pain scores of children with CI. Fifty-two children aged 4 to 19 years with CI and their parents/guardians were included in this observational study. Children were observed and assessed for pain by parents using the Faces, Legs, Activity, Cry, and Consolability (FLACC) observational tool and the 0 to 10 Numbers Scale, and simultaneously by nurses using the FLACC. Children who were cognitively able scored pain using simplified scales. Parent scores decreased after analgesic administration (6.4 +/- 2.5 vs. 3.1 +/- 2.3; p = .004), supporting their construct validity. Parents' FLACC and Numbers ratings correlated well with nurse ratings (intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.78 [confidence interval = 0.63-0.87] and intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.73 [confidence interval = 0.59-0.83], respectively). The parents' coded Numbers ratings correlated moderately with their child's ratings (rho = 0.57; p = .05) and agreed in 20% to 100% of cases (kappa = 0.388). There was better overall agreement between parents' FLACC scores and child ratings (33%-67% agreement; kappa = 0.43). The parent underestimated the child's pain with FLACC ratings in only one case (8%), but overestimated pain in three cases (25%). This study suggests that parents of children with CI provide reasonable estimates of their child's pain, particularly when using a structured pain tool. Parents may, however, tend to overestimate their child's pain during the early postoperative period.
2005
Voepel-Lewis T; Malviya S; Tait AR
Pain Management Nursing
2005
Article information provided for research and reference use only. PedPalASCNET does not hold any rights over the resource listed here. All rights are retained by the journal listed under publisher and/or the creator(s).
Journal Article
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmn.2005.08.004" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">10.1016/j.pmn.2005.08.004</a>