Pain is difficult and sometimes frustrating to treat, even though new devices and new approaches have been developed in recent years. Pain varies tremendously from one patient to the next, and there are also some studies suggesting that the intensity…
The outcomes of clinical trials are based on the mean responses of large numbers of subjects but fail to address inter-individual differences. The molecular mechanisms that underlie pain vary among individuals over time and among different types of…
BACKGROUND: Leukocytes can control inflammatory pain by secretion of opioid peptides, stimulated by cold-water swimming or local injection of corticotropin-releasing factor, and subsequent activation of opioid receptors on peripheral sensory neurons.…
The past decade has brought about an explosion of knowledge about the physiology of nociception and many new techniques for pain relief, new analgesic drugs, and new applications of old analgesic drugs. These techniques include methods of opioid…
