BACKGROUND: Both locally expressed beta-endorphin (END) and low doses of morphine relieve pain within inflamed knee joints. Here we examined whether enhanced inflammation and END expression within the synovial tissue of patients undergoing…
BACKGROUND: Codeine analgesia is wholly or mostly due to its metabolism to morphine by the cytochrome P450 enzyme CYP2D6, which shows significant genetic variation in activity. The aims of this study were to investigate genotype, phenotype and…