Resilience to loss in bereaved spouses, bereaved parents, and bereaved gay men
Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Affect; P.H.S.; Research Support; U.S. Gov't; Psychological; bereavement; Parents/psychology; N.I.H.; Social Behavior; Interview; Homosexuality; Male/psychology; Extramural; Spouses/psychology
Recent research has indicated that many people faced with highly aversive events suffer only minor, transient disruptions in functioning and retain a capacity for positive affect and experiences. This article reports 2 studies that replicate and extend these findings among bereaved parents, spouses, and caregivers of a chronically ill life partner using a range of self-report and objective measures of adjustment. Resilience was evidenced in half of each bereaved sample when compared with matched, nonbereaved counterparts and 36% of the caregiver sample in a more conservative, repeated-measures ipsative comparison. Resilient individuals were not distinguished by the quality of their relationship with spouse/partner or caregiver burden but were rated more positively and as better adjusted by close friends.
2005
Bonanno GA; Moskowitz JT; Papa A; Folkman S
Journal Of Personality And Social Psychology
2005
Article information provided for research and reference use only. PedPalASCNET does not hold any rights over the resource listed here. All rights are retained by the journal listed under publisher and/or the creator(s).
Journal Article
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.88.5.827" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">10.1037/0022-3514.88.5.827</a>
Measuring individual differences in empathy: Evidence for a multidimensional approach
1983
Davis Mark H
Journal Of Personality And Social Psychology
1983
Article information provided for research and reference use only. PedPalASCNET does not hold any rights over the resource listed here. All rights are retained by the journal listed under publisher and/or the creator(s).
Journal Article
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.44.1.113" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">10.1037//0022-3514.44.1.113</a>
When a child dies: The sociobiology of bereavement
Child; bereavement
1986
Littlefield CH; Rushton JP
Journal Of Personality And Social Psychology
1986
Article information provided for research and reference use only. PedPalASCNET does not hold any rights over the resource listed here. All rights are retained by the journal listed under publisher and/or the creator(s).
Journal Article
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.51.4.797" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">10.1037//0022-3514.51.4.797</a>
Distinguishing optimism from neuroticism (and trait anxiety, self-mastery, and self-esteem): a reevaluation of the Life Orientation Test
Female; Humans; Male; Self Concept; Anxiety; Non-U.S. Gov't; P.H.S.; Research Support; U.S. Gov't; Adaptation; Psychological; Comparative Study; Self Assessment (Psychology); Non-P.H.S.
Research on dispositional optimism as assessed by the Life Orientation Test (Scheier & Carver, 1985) has been challenged on the grounds that effects attributed to optimism are indistinguishable from those of unmeasured third variables, most notably, neuroticism. Data from 4,309 subjects show that associations between optimism and both depression and aspects of coping remain significant even when the effects of neuroticism, as well as the effects of trait anxiety, self-mastery, and self-esteem, are statistically controlled. Thus, the Life Orientation Test does appear to possess adequate predictive and discriminant validity. Examination of the scale on somewhat different grounds, however, does suggest that future applications can benefit from its revision. Thus, we also describe a minor modification to the Life Orientation Test, along with data bearing on the revised scale's psychometric properties.
1994
Scheier MF; Carver CS; Bridges MW
Journal Of Personality And Social Psychology
1994
Article information provided for research and reference use only. PedPalASCNET does not hold any rights over the resource listed here. All rights are retained by the journal listed under publisher and/or the creator(s).
Journal Article
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.67.6.1063" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">10.1037//0022-3514.67.6.1063</a>
Postbereavement depressive mood and its prebereavement predictors in HIV+ and HIV- gay men
Humans; Male; Adult; Follow-Up Studies; Middle Aged; Sick Role; Risk Factors; Personality Inventory; P.H.S.; Research Support; U.S. Gov't; Adaptation; Psychological; bereavement; Caregivers/psychology; Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/psychology; Depression/diagnosis/psychology; HIV Seropositivity/psychology; Homosexuality; Male/psychology; San Francisco
Prebereavement predictors of the course of postbereavement depressive mood were examined in 110 gay men who were their partner's caregiver until the partner's death of AIDS. In all, 37 HIV+ and 73 HIV- bereaved caregiving partners were assessed bimonthly throughout a 10-month period beginning 3 months before and ending 7 months after the partner's death. Throughout the 10 months, mean Centers for Epidemiology Scale-Depression (CES-D) scores on depressive mood were above the cutoff for being at risk for major depression. CES-D scores decreased for 63% bereaved caregivers over the 7 postbereavement months, and 37% showed little change from high CES-D scores or increasing CES-D scores. High prebereavement CES-D scores and finding positive meaning in caregiving predicted diminishing depressive mood; HIV+ serostatus, longer relationships, hassles, and use of distancing and self-blame to cope predicted unrelieved depressive mood.
1996
Folkman S; Chesney M; Collette L; Boccellari A; Cooke M
Journal Of Personality And Social Psychology
1996
Article information provided for research and reference use only. PedPalASCNET does not hold any rights over the resource listed here. All rights are retained by the journal listed under publisher and/or the creator(s).
Journal Article
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.70.2.336" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">10.1037//0022-3514.70.2.336</a>
Making sense of loss and benefiting from the experience: two construals of meaning
Female; Humans; Male; Grief; Adult; Interpersonal Relations; Middle Aged; Social Adjustment; Cognition; Life Change Events; Spirituality; Analysis of Variance
Theoretical models of the adjustment process following loss and trauma have emphasized the critical role that finding meaning plays. Yet evidence in support of these models is meager, and definitions of meaning have been too broad to facilitate a clear understanding of the psychological process involved. Using a prospective and longitudinal study of people coping with the loss of a family member, we differentiate 2 construals of meaning--making sense of the event and finding benefit in the experience--and demonstrate that both independently play roles in the adjustment process following the loss. Results indicate that making sense of the loss is associated with less distress, but only in the 1st year postloss, whereas reports of benefit finding are most strongly associated with adjustment at interviews 13 and 18 months postloss.
1998
Davis CG; Nolen-Hoeksema S; Larson J
Journal Of Personality And Social Psychology
1998
Article information provided for research and reference use only. PedPalASCNET does not hold any rights over the resource listed here. All rights are retained by the journal listed under publisher and/or the creator(s).
Journal Article
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.75.2.561" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">10.1037//0022-3514.75.2.561</a>